Sunday, April 24, 2011

good hand writing



  1. handwriting tips
     

    Tips for improving your handwriting. By Dyas A. Lawson ... Good for you! A fountain pen may make your writing look a bit better, but if your writing looks ...
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  4. 12 Tips Of Good Hand Writing
     

    12 tips of good hand writing: 1. Good writing is based on a pattern of ovals and parallel lines. 2. All small letters start at the top. ...
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  5. Tips on How Adults Can Improve Their Handwriting
     

    17 Jan 2009 ... It is then time to find tips on how adults can improve their handwriting. Good handwriting skills are learnt in childhood by developing eye ...
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    source: google


E Learning




  1. e-Learning for Kids


    e-Learning for Kids is a global nonprofit foundation dedicated to free and fun online learning for kids of all ages. (math, science, reading, health and ...
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    Click the above image to launch the course. It is essential to keep this ...
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    1. Mingoville.com - English for Kids. Approved by Teachers.


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    3. E-learning for kids- E-Learning - online kids education websites ...


      Interactive maths courses for kids at E-learning for kids. ... e-learning for kids sticks to six main topics, the areas they consider to be key for kids to ...
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      SOURCE: www.google.com

Saturday, April 2, 2011

EARTH QUAKE

Saturday, January 29, 2011

Nuclear Fission Power Plant


Introduction:

Currently, about half of all nuclear power plants are located in the US. There are many different kinds of nuclear power plants, and we will discuss a few important designs in this text. A nuclear power plant harnesses the energy inside atoms themselves and converts this to electricity. This electricity is used by all of us. By now, you should have an idea of the fission process and how it works. A nuclear power plant uses controlled nuclear fission. In this section, we will explore how a nuclear power plant operates and the manner in which nuclear reactions are controlled.

Uranium Preparation:

Earlier we talked about nuclear fission with 235U. In reality, this will not be the only isotope of uranium present in a nuclear reactor. In naturally occurring uranium deposits, less than one percent of the uranium is 235U. The majority of the uranium is 238U. 238U is not a fissile isotope of uranium. When 238U is struck by a loose neutron, it absorbs the neutron into its nucleus and does not fission. Thus, by absorbing loose neutrons, 238U can prevent a nuclear chain reaction from occurring. This would be a bad thing because if a chain reaction doesn't occur, the nuclear reactions can't sustain themselves, the reactor shuts down, and millions of people are without electrical power. In order for a chain reaction to occur, the pure uranium ore must be refined to raise the concentration of 235U. This is called enrichment and is primarily accomplished through a technique called gaseous diffusion. In this process, the uranium ore is combined with fluorine to create a chemical compound called uranium hexafluoride. The uranium hexafluoride is heated and vaporizes. The heated gas is then pushed through a series of filters. Because some of the uranium hexafluoride contains 238U and some contains 235U, there is a slight difference in the weights of the individual molecules. The molecules of uranium hexafluoride containing 235U are slightly lighter and thus pass more easily through the filters. This creates a quantity of uranium hexafluoride with a higher proportion of 235U. This is collected, the uranium is stripped from it, and the result is an enriched supply of fuel. Usually, nuclear power plants use uranium fuel that is about 4% 235U.

Parts of a Nuclear Reactor - Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR):

Fuel Assembly Containing a Number of Fuel Rods
Picture of a Fuel Assembly
Original Image Used with Permission of the Uranium Institute
A typical nuclear reactor has a few main parts. Inside the "core" where the nuclear reactions take place are the fuel rods and assemblies, the control rods, the moderator, and the coolant. Outside the core are the turbines, the heat exchanger, and part of the cooling system.
The fuel assemblies are collections of fuel rods. These rods are each about 3.5 meters (11.48 feet) long. They are each about a centimeter in diameter. These are grouped into large bundles of a couple hundred rods called fuel assemblies, which are then placed in the reactor core. Inside each fuel rod are hundreds of pellets of uranium fuel stacked end to end.
Also in the core are control rods. These rods have pellets inside that are made of very efficient neutron capturers. An example of such a material is cadmium. These control rods are connected to machines that can raise or lower them in the core. When they are fully lowered into the core, fission can not occur because they absorb free neutrons. However, when they are pulled out of the reactor, fission can start again anytime a stray neutron strikes a 235U atom, thus releasing more neutrons, and starting a chain reaction.
Another component of the reactor is the moderator. The moderator serves to slow down the high speed neutrons "flying" all around the reactor core. If a neutron is moving too fast, and thus is at a high-energy state, it passes right through the 235U nucleus. It must be slowed down to be captured by the nucleus and to induce fission. The most common moderator is water, but sometimes it can be another material.
The job of the coolant is to absorb the heat from the reaction. The most common coolant used in nuclear power plants today is water. In actuality, in many reactor designs the coolant and the moderator are one and the same. The coolant water is heated by the nuclear reactions going on inside the core. However, this heated water does not boil because it is kept at an extremely intense pressure, thus raising its boiling point above the normal 100° Celsius.


Control a nuclear reaction in The Nuclear Reaction Java Applet

The Inside of a Reactor Containment Structure
One can see the heavy concrete walls from which the structure is made. Also, a fuel rod transportation canister is in the background (blue arrow). In front of that is the pit where the reactor core would normally reside (red arrow).
Picture of the inside of a nuclear containment structure
Photo Used With Permission of Joseph Gonyeau. Original Source:Virtual Nuclear Tourist
The heated water rises up and passes through another part of the reactor, the heat exchanger. The moderator/coolant water is radioactive, so it can not leave the inner reactor containment. Its heat must be transferred to non-radioactive water, which can then be sent out of the reactor shielding. This is done through the heat exchanger, which works by moving the radioactive water through a series of pipes that are wrapped around other pipes. The metallic pipes conduct the heat from the moderator to the normal water. Then, the normal water (now in steam form and intensely hot) moves to the turbine, where electricity is produced.
Three Mile Island, the Site of a Nuclear Accident
The steam towers are the large objects in the upper part of the picture. They do not actually house any reactors, and their only purpose is to cool water after it has passed through the turbines.
Outside View 
of a Nuclear Power Plant With View of Steam Towers
Photo Courtesy Nuclear Regulatory Commission
After the hot water has passed through the turbine, some of its energy is changed into electricity. However, the water is still very hot. It must be cooled somehow. Many nuclear power plants used steam towers to cool this water with air. These are generally the buildings that people associate with nuclear power plants. At reactors that do not have towers, the clean water is purified and dumped into the nearest body of water, and cool water is pumped in to replace it.
PWR Power Plant Schematic

Drawing of nuclear plant, including 
the various parts
Original Image Used with Permission of the Uranium Institute


From Fission to Electricity:

A nuclear power plant produces electricity in almost exactly the same way that a conventional (fossil fuel) power plant does. A conventional power plant burns fuel to create heat. The fuel is generally coal, but oil is also sometimes used. The heat is used to raise the temperature of water, thus causing it to boil. The high temperature and intense pressure steam that results from the boiling of the water turns a turbine, which then generates electricity. A nuclear power plant works the same way, except that the heat used to boil the water is produced by a nuclear fission reaction using 235U as fuel, not the combustion of fossil fuels. A nuclear power plant uses much less fuel than a comparable fossil fuel plant. A rough estimate is that it takes 17,000 kilograms of coal to produce the same amount of electricity as 1 kilogram of nuclear uranium fuel.

SOURCE: http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/fission_power/fission_power.html

Successful Group Discussion Techniques

First, there is nothing wrong with being quiet. At the same time, you don't want to be too quiet. However, speaking too much is not recommended. Before you speak, you will want to think about what you are going to say. It is important to make sure the statements you make are concise and to the point. You don't want to give the other members the wrong impression by making statements that are not clear.

It is also important to make sure you fulfill the tasks of any role you've been given. For example, if you are given the role of a team leader, it is important to make sure you carry it out to the best of your abilities. Once you agree to a specific role, do not ask to be changed to something else. If you do this, you will convey a message that you are indecisive. If you don't understand a statment or question that has been made by someone else, it is important for you to make sure they clarify it. In group discussions, it is important to avoid conflict as much as possible. You will always want to respect the contributions that are made by the other members. Even if you don't agree with their views, it is important to look at things from their perspective.

If you are the leader of a group discussion, it is important to make sure all the members are given equal amounts of time to voice their views or participate. If you give some members more time than others, you may convey a message that certain members are more valuable than others, and this can lead to conflict. In any group discussion, conflicts should be expected. However, it is the method you use to deal with them that will determine the success or failure of a group. There are certain words and phrases that you will want to avoid using when you are in a group discussion. For example, responding to a statement made by another member by saying "that doesn't make any sense" will lead to conflict.

If you don't agree with the statement, instead of saying "that doesn't make any sense," it would be better to say "I don't know if I agree. Could you elaborate?" When you use this statement, it will not be as offensive as the other statement. You should never ridicule the idea or statement of another member by calling it dumb or stupid. Instead, you could simply say you disagree with them, and offer an explanation of why your feel the way you do. To give another example, instead of using the statement "that is not what the assignment asked us to do" you could say that "I think it would be better if we refer back to the assignment."

To be successful in group discussion, it is important to avoid conflict statements. These statements could lead to problems between you and other members that can make the group less productive. An example of a conflict statement is telling another member that they are wrong about something. Instead, you will want to disagree with them by using phrases such as "it may be better to...." or "have you ever though about doing it this way?" It should be easy to see the difference between these two phrases and the first one.

Being able to avoid conflict in a group discussion is crucially important. Once the conflict has started, it is very difficult to deal with. Everyone is different and will have strong beliefs about a topic that may differ from others.



However, they should be respectful in how they deal with the differences. Using statements and questions which avoid conflict will allow you to be respected by the other members, and you can help the group successfully move forward. Respect the opinions of others, and never try to push your ideas on the other members. Remember, the purpose of having a group discussion is to solve problems, not create them.


Thursday, January 27, 2011

HOW TO THINK OF A GREAT IDEAS

Good ideas are a dime a dozen. But GREAT ideas -- the kind that can turn you into the next Bill Gates or Walt Disney? Those are priceless.

This article will help you think of good ideas and develop those good ideas into great ones.

The tips can be used in any field -- from art to science and everything in between




Things You'll Need:

  • An open mind
  • pen or pencil
  • paper

INSTRUCTIONS:
  • 1 Be observant. Good ideas are everywhere.

    - Notice trends in what people are wearing, eating, drinking, driving etc.

    - Pay attention to the daily aggravations of life and think about how you would solve them.

    - Listen to what people are talking about and especially notice if two or more people tell you something similar at different times.

    At any time during this step, you should have ideas popping into your head. Not all of them will be good, but don't ignore them. Write them all down in a notebook because they could lead to other (better) ideas down the road.

  • 2
    Brainstorming. Gather up your notes and find a quiet spot where you won't be disturbed for at least 30 minutes. Let your mind wander a bit as you read over what you wrote. Think about how observations made at different times might be related. And pay attention to new ideas as they form.

    Write everything down as you think of it. Don't stop to judge any of your ideas. Just let it flow.

  • 3
    Sleep on it. Dreams are a fantastic way to generate ideas and solve problems. Get in the habit of thinking about your ideas before you go to sleep and when you first wake up in the morning. Keep a notebook by your bed in case of late-night strokes of genius.

  • 4
    Before you go any further, check and see if your idea has already been done.

    Do a Google search and find anything you can that is similar to your idea. It's better to know now than to find out later, after you've invested a lot of time and effort into the project.

    If you find something similar that doesn't necessarily mean you should give up. Maybe you just need to think of a new twist that will set your idea apart.

  • 5
    Work on the details. If you made it this far with an idea then it's time to flesh it out. Think it through step by step. How much will it cost? How long will it take? Do you have the skills to do everything yourself or will you need help?

  • 6
    Get some feedback.

    Tell your friends and family first because they will (hopefully) be honest but kind with their assessment. Pay close attention to their very first reaction. Facial expressions speak louder than words.

    Listen closely to their opinions -- especially anything negative.

  • 7
    Step back, reassess and revise. You may need to make big changes after getting feedback. Don't feel bad about that. It's part of the process.

  • 8
    Now is the time to take action! (Or not.)

    There's no shame in abandoning an idea if you decide that it isn't as fantastic as you originally thought. Or maybe the timing isn't right.

    But if you do have a gem of an idea on your hands, then what are you waiting for? Get to work!




  • SOURCE: http://www.ehow.com